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呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法(修正)

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呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法(修正)

内蒙古自治区人大


呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法(修正)
内蒙古自治区人大


(1992年1月17日呼和浩特市第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议通过 1992年6月19日内蒙古自治区第七届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十七次会议批准根据1997年9月24日内蒙古自治区第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议关于批
准《呼和浩特市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改〈呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法〉的决定》的决议修正 2001年2月1日起施行的《呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理条例》将本文废止)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为防治大气污染,保护和改善大气环境,保障人体健康,促进国民经济和社会发展,根据《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》和有关法律、法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于本市行政区域内一切单位和个人。
一切单位和个人都有保护大气环境的义务,并有权对污染和破坏大气环境的单位和个人进行检举和控告。
第三条 市和旗、县、区人民政府对本行政区域内的大气环境质量负责,推行环境保护目标管理责任制;将大气环境保护工作纳入国民经济和社会发展计划,合理规划工业布局、调整工业结构和能源结构,开展大气环境综合整治,保护和改善大气环境。
第四条 市和旗、县、区人民政府的环境保护行政主管部门对本行政区大气污染防治实施统一监督管理。各行业主管部门负责管理本行业的大气污染防治工作。
公安、交通、铁路、部队的管理部门,根据有关规定和各自的职责对机动车辆的污染实施监督管理。
第五条 一切向大气排放污染物的单位必须贯彻“以防为主,防治结合”,“谁污染、谁治理”的原则,采取有效措施,防治大气污染。
第六条 对大气环境质量实施监督和管理,执行国家大气环境质量标准。国家未作规定的,执行地方标准。
自然保护区、风景旅游区、名胜古迹和疗养地等为一类区,执行国家大气环境质量标准一级标准;其他地区为二类区,执行国家大气环境质量标准二级标准。
第七条 凡向大气排放污染物的单位和个人,必须执行国家大气污染物排放标准。
对大气污染物排放量大,污染严重的区域,实行区域环境大气污染物排放总量控制。
第八条 在防治大气污染、保护和改善大气环境、环境监督管理、环境保护科研、环境监测和环境保护宣传教育等方面成绩显著的单位和个人,由各级人民政府给予奖励。

第二章 大气污染防治的监督管理
第九条 城乡规划和建设,应该按照保护大气环境的要求,统筹规划,合理布局,严格管理,并遵守下列规定:
(一)一切新建、扩建、改建向大气排放污染物的建设项目,必须达到国家规定的大气污染物排放标准。在市区内的西工业区和西北工业区,严格控制建设向大气排放污染物的项目。
(二)禁止在居民稠密区、文教区范围内新建、扩建、改建冶炼、石油、化工、水泥、火石、电石、沥青等产生有毒有害废气、粉尘、恶臭的生产项目。
(三)在国家、自治区和本市确定的自然保护区、风景名胜区以及其它需要特别保护的区域内,禁止建设污染大气环境的工业和其他设施。
第十条 新建、扩建、改建向大气排放污染物的建设项目,必须按照国家、自治区和本市有关建设项目环境保护管理的规定,严格执行环境影响报告书(表)审批制度、大气污染防治设施设计审批制度和项目竣工验收制度,必须做到大气污染防治设施与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、
同时投产使用。
环境影响报告书(表)未经市环境保护行政主管部门批准的,计划部门不得办理设计任务书的审批手续,规划部门不得发放建设用地规划许可证,土地部门不得划拨土地。初步设计中的环境保护篇章未经市环境保护行政主管部门审查同意的,规划部门不得核发建设工程规划许可证。项
目建成后未经市环境保护行政主管部门验收合格的,工商行政管理部门不得发放营业执照,建设项目不得投入生产或者使用。
第十一条 向大气排放污染物的单位,必须按照规定向市环境保护行政主管部门提交《排污申报登记表》,经市环境保护行政主管部门核发《排污许可证》后,方可排放。
第十二条 向大气排放污染物超过国家规定标准的单位和个人,依照国家规定交纳超标准排污费;对造成大气环境局部污染的单位和个人,由市和旗、县、区环境保护行政主管部门按管辖权限决定限期改正;对严重污染大气环境的污染源,由市和旗、县、区人民政府按管辖权限决定限
期治理。
第十三条 对大气污染处理设施,要加强管理,定期维修保养,保证设施正常运行。
需要拆除或者闲置大气污染物处理设施的,必须提前报请所在地环境保护行政主管部门批准。

第三章 防治烟尘污染
第十四条 凡是在推行城市集中供热、使用煤气、石油液化气和其他清洁燃料范围内的一切单位和住户,必须参加城市集中供热、使用煤气、石油液化气和其他清洁燃料,原有的燃煤设施停止使用。
对供热、供气有特殊需要的单位,须经市环境保护行政主管部门批准。
第十五条 在城市集中供热规划范围以外,新建住宅区、老城区成片改造以及建设其他需要采暖的设施,必须实行联合供暖。
已建成的采取分散供热方式的居民住宅区或者其他需要采暖的设施,应当逐步实行联片供热。
第十六条 按规定应使用型煤的单位、住户、个体经营者,必须使用型煤。
第十七条 一切生产、采暖使用的锅炉、工业窑炉和茶浴炉,必须采用科学的燃烧方式和消烟除尘设施,达到国家规定的烟尘排放标准。
蒸发量大于1吨/小时(发热量60万大卡/小时)的锅炉,必须采取机械燃烧,并配备合格的除尘设备;1吨/小时(发热量60万大卡/小时)以下的锅炉和茶浴炉,必须采用有效的无黑烟燃烧技术。
严禁使用已被国家列为淘汰的锅炉。
第十八条 各种不同规格的燃煤设施,其烟囱高度应达到有关规定的标准;低空排放的烟囱应当背向街道,避开就近树木,不得污染附近环境。
第十九条 锅炉在起动或者其他特殊情况下,其烟气黑度不得超过林格曼三级,一次排放持续时间不得超过5分钟,全天累计不得超过20分钟。
第二十条 司炉人员必须经过严格培训,熟练掌握锅炉操作和消烟除尘的基本技能,持有市劳动部门核发的操作证上岗。
第二十一条 凡在本市制造、加工、销售锅炉、工业窑炉、茶浴炉和消烟除尘等设备,须到市环境保护行政主管部门登记,并经市环境监测中心站测试,符合排放标准和要求的,发给销售许可证,方可销售。
第二十二条 积极建设烟尘控制区,实施区域燃煤设施综合整治。烟尘控制区一切单位的炉、窑、灶,必须按统一限定时间要求完成治理任务。
第二十三条 市区内实行燃煤定量管理,控制燃煤用量,减轻对大气的污染。

第四章 防治废气、粉尘和恶臭污染
第二十四条 在生产过程中产生有毒有害废气、粉尘的单位和个人,应当采用无污染或少污染的工艺和设备;排放有毒有害废气、粉尘必须设置净化装置和符合规定高度的排放装置,禁止采用天窗及其他不符合规定的方式排放。排放恶臭气体的,必须采取有效措施,防止对周围环境的
污染。
排放含放射性物质的气体,必须符合国家有关规定。
第二十五条 工业生产中产生可燃性气体要进行回收和综合利用。具备回收利用条件,不回收利用而直接向大气排放的,要限期回收利用;因回收利用装置不能正常作业而需要向大气排放可燃性气体的,应向市环境保护行政主管部门报告原因、向大气排放可燃性气体的数量、有害物质
的种类、浓度和采取减轻大气污染的措施。不具备回收利用条件而向大气排放的,应当进行防治污染处理。
第二十六条 炼制石油、生产合成氨、煤气和燃煤焦化、有色金属冶炼过程中,排放含有硫化物气体的,必须配备脱硫装置或者采取其他脱硫措施,并实行总量控制,根据其所在区域大气环境的容量要求,相应地削减排放量。
第二十七条 城镇建筑和市政施工熔化、加工沥青时,必须采用符合环境保护规定的专用设备。
第二十八条 医疗卫生单位废弃物,必须采用环境保护行政主管部门和卫生防疫部门批准的专设焚烧炉焚烧。
第二十九条 任何单位和个人不得在城区和其他人口集中区域从事经常性的露天喷漆、喷砂或者其它散发大气污染物的作业。
第三十条 一切除尘设施都须配有粉尘专用存放场或者设备;在运输和装卸中应采取防护措施,防止产生二次污染。
第三十一条 机动车辆尾气排放要纳入年检年审中。尾气不达标的,机动车辆管理部门不准发给年检合格证;取得年检合格证后,又造成超标准排放污染物的车辆,要限期治理。
新购机动车辆尾气排放超过国家规定标准的,车辆管理部门不得发给行车执照。
外埠车辆进入城区须持有当地有关部门核发的尾气排放合格证。

第五章 法律责任
第三十二条 违反本办法的规定,除按《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法实施细则》有关规定执行外,有下列行为之一的处以罚款:
(一)应使用煤气、型煤而不使用的,个人处以五十元以上二百元以下罚款;单位处以一千元以上五千元以下罚款。
(二)锅炉起动燃烧时,烟气黑度超过林格曼三级,持续时间超过规定标准的,处以二百元以上五百元以下罚款。
(三)烟尘控制区域内,没有按期完成炉、窑治理任务的单位,处以三千元以上五千元以下罚款。
(四)具备回收利用条件,不回收利用而直接向大气排放可燃性气体的,要限期回收利用,逾期不回收利用的,处以二千元以上五千元以下罚款。
(五)医疗卫生单位的废弃物不按规定要求焚烧的,处以一千元以上三千元以下罚款。
(六)未经市环境保护行政主管部门同意,在市区和人口集中区域从事露天喷漆、喷砂的,处以二百元以上一千元以下罚款。
(七)未经市环境保护行政主管部门批准,在本市制造、加工、销售锅炉、工业窑炉、茶浴炉和其他消烟除尘设备的,按其销售价格的百分之十至百分之二十处以罚款。
(八)进入城区的外埠机动车辆超标排放尾气的,处以五十元以上二百元以下罚款。
第三十三条 造成重大大气污染事故,致使公私财产重大损失或者人身伤亡严重后果的,应依法对有关责任人员追究刑事责任。
第三十四条 当事人对处罚决定不服的,在接到处罚决定通知书之日起15日内向作出处罚决定的同级人民政府复议机构提请复议,复议机构必须在一个月内作出决定。对复议决定不服的,可以在收到复议决定通知书后15日内向人民法院起诉,逾期不起诉又不履行的,由作出处罚决
定机关申请人民法院强制执行。
第三十五条 造成大气污染危害的单位,对直接遭受损失的单位和个人赔偿损失。
赔偿责任和赔偿金额的纠纷,可以根据当事人的请求,由环境保护行政主管部门处理;当事人对处理决定不服的,可以向人民法院起诉。当事人也可以直接向人民法院起诉。
第三十六条 缴纳排污费、超标准排污费或者被处以警告、罚款的单位和个人,不免除消除污染、排除危害和赔偿损失的责任。
第三十七条 行政处罚的实施机关及其执法人员当场收缴罚款的;必须向当事人出具自治区财政部门统一制发的罚款收据;不出具自治区财政部门统一制发的罚款收据的,当事人有权拒缴罚款。
第三十八条 各级环境保护行政主管部门和环境保护监督管理人员,滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊的,视其情节和后果给予行政处分或者行政处罚,构成犯罪的依法追究刑事责任。

第六章 附 则
第三十九条 本办法自1992年10月1日起施行。

附:内蒙古自治区人民代表大会常务委员会关于批准《呼和浩特市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改〈呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法〉的决定》的决议

(1997年9月24日内蒙古自治区第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议通过)


内蒙古自治区第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议决定,批准呼和浩特市人民代表大会常务委员会提请批准的《呼和浩特市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改〈呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法〉决定》,由呼和浩特市人民代表大会常务委员会公布施行。


(1997年8月29日呼和浩特市第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议通过,1997年9月24日内蒙古自治区第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议批准)


呼和浩特市第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议,根据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》的规定和《呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法》实际执行中存在的问题,决定对《呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法》作如下修改:
一、删去第三十二条第一项:“在集中供热和联片供暖范围内的单位,不参加集中供热和联片供暖的,处以二千元以上一万元以下罚款。”
第二项改为第一项,以后各项顺升。
二、第三十二条第五项改为第四项,修改为:“具备回收利用条件,不回收利用而直接向大气排放可燃性气体的,要限期回收利用,逾期不回收利用的,处以二千元以上五千元以下罚款。”
三、增加一条,为“第三十七条行政处罚的实施机关及其执法人员当场收缴罚款的,必须向当事人出具自治区财政部门统一制发的罚款收据;不出具自治区财政部门统一制发的罚款收据的,当事人有权拒缴罚款。”
原第三十七条改为第三十八条,以后逐条顺延。
《呼和浩特市大气污染防治管理办法》根据本决定作相应的修正,报请内蒙古自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准后,重新公布。



1997年9月24日
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最高人民法院关于人民检察院对民事调解书提出抗诉人民法院应否受理问题的批复

最高人民法院


最高人民法院关于人民检察院对民事调解书提出抗诉人民法院应否受理问题的批复


中华人民共和国最高人民法院公告


  《最高人民法院关于人民检察院对民事调解书提出抗诉人民法院应否受理问题的批复》已于1999年1月26日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1041次会议通过,现予公布,自1999年2月13日起施行。
 
最高人民法院
1999年2月9日

最高人民法院关于人民检察院对民事调解书提出抗诉人民法院应否受理问题的批复

 (1999年1月26日最高人民法院审判委员会第1041次会议通过)

法释〔1999〕4号


黑龙江、河南省高级人民法院:

  黑高法[1998]67号《关于检察院对调解书抗诉应否受理的请示》和豫高法[1998]130号《关于检察机关对民事、经济调解书提出抗诉人民法院应否受理的请示》收悉。经研究,答复如下:

  《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第一百八十五条只规定人民检察院可以对人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定提出抗诉,没有规定人民检察院可以对调解书提出抗诉。人民检察院对调解书提出抗诉的,人民法院不予受理。





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Risks and challenges of the EU expansion
周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)

I. Introduction
For several years now the European Union is discussing a possible enlargement, because several European countries have applied for membership in the EU. These are especially the former socialist countries in Eastern Europe, that have clearly turned towards the west since the collapse of the iron curtain. These countries are Bulgaria, the Baltic countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary.

In addition Turkey, Cyprus and Malta are trying for quite some time already to join the EU. These application are not to be accepted without any further deliberation because they do bring along some risks and the consequences are hard to distinguish therefore these countries are not very expected joining the European Union in the near future and will therefore not be included in the following evaluation.
II. Risks and challenges
If we wants to evaluate the risks and challenges of an upcoming enlargement of the EU, we should first take into account experiences gained during previous expansion which were to some extent comparable. Here the southern expansion from 1986 should be mentioned where two economically pathetic countries sought admission to the then European Community. The admission procedure of these two candidates, being Spain and Portugal, were lengthy and considered very problem bearing. Especially the amount of produce that would add to the already existing agricultural over-production of the Community was seen to be a problem since it would increase the load on the European budget.

But seen from a global economical perspective the joining of Spain and Portugal was overall positive for the EC and the two countries, although Spain struggled with a further rise of unemployment and disparities within the Community were further amplified.

The disparities within the Union will most certainly increase when it comes to an eastern expansion, but the agricultural problem will not be an issue, because the candidates have not got their focus on agriculture, already because of their communist heritage which focused on industry rather than on agriculture or the tertiary sector.

In case of the approaching expansion towards Eastern Europe the Union will have to resolve several problems, the most severe being without any doubt the financial one that will go along with the extension, estimated to be ?5 - ?6 billion annually, just for the technologically underdeveloped agriculture in the new member states.

The financial problem will also lead to a temporary discontent among the population of the existing members, since the financial load on the countries will cause budget cuts because the new members will undoubtedly belong to the payees rather than the payers. Especially the Mediterranean members, for instance Italy, Spain etc. fear cuts in their subsidies particularly the agricultural ones, and agriculture is already making up the biggest part of the EU′s budget.

Of course it is also to be questioned whether with the joining of economically weak countries the economies of the "richer" members are not weakened.

What should be taken into consideration as well is the impact the joining will have on the population of the candidates, especially considering the rights they will gain when they are citizens of the European community. They do then have the right to settle and work anywhere within the community, this could lead to a large amount of people pouring into the old member countries trying to seek work there and make their living. And since most of the European countries are already struggling with high unemployment the high rates could be pushed up further and the discontent among the population could worsen, especially against the background of Neo-Nazis in Germany and other countries such as Britain or Italy. Off course this would only be a temporary problem, which would solve itself over time as the new members develop economically, but still this could prove to be a major issue.

Of course their comes also a minor problem along with the expansion, this problem being even more languages than the twelve, already being used, in which EU communications would have to be carried out adding to the already huge administrative body of the European Union and also causing further costs of the EU.
But because the expansion represents a political necessity one should also take into account the positive aspects caused by such a historic event. With the expansion the continent would take a huge step towards the ethnic integration within Europe, different cultures would be facing each other and could also profit from each other. Also the global competitiveness of the EU against the USA and Asia would improve and another step towards global peace would be undertaken.
III. Changes in administration
It is obvious that an expansion potentially including ten countries would not be feasible without fundamental institutional reforms.

For instance with the existing structure of the Union which allocates most of the power to the European Council, where each member state has one vote, it would be imaginable that smaller members would have a majority over the larger members. Except for Poland, which is by population comparable to Spain and would consequently be a large member, all other candidates are relatively small in size an population.

Another point is that with more than twenty members the decision finding and making process needs to be completely reconsidered, so it represents the actual size of the member countries in terms of population rather than giving each member a veto and especially one single vote. The existing voting and weighting system is also already making the decision finding process a painfully and lengthy one, another ten different opinions added to this would make it virtually impossible to come to an agreement that at least partially satisfies all members and is therefore being supported and not vetoed against.

A changed "legislature" would also keep the democratic thought that the entire EU is based on alive and not vanish it like the existing system.

What should also be pointed out is the fact that an increase in members could lead to new coalitions within the Union and also increase competition among the individual countries. There are even critics that fear that an eastern expansion could lead to a shift in power towards the reunified Germany, since the potential new members are already heavily bound and leaning towards Germany.

What should also be considered is a change in European agricultural policy, which should actually be reformed already. The system of milk quotas, subsidies etc. which subsidises an over-production in many areas, just not to infuriate the farmers, because smaller farms would not be able to survive without the subsidies and the entire face of the European primary sector would change is completely outdated. This system could definitely no longer be kept up with even more farmers to support.
IV. Successful without absorbing the new members?
It is obvious that this question needs to be answered with a clear no. The existing members of the EU are already being absorbed by it and they have all chosen this faith. The goals of the European Union do state the loss of sovereignty in the areas of economic and currency politics, the latter one already realized, also in the political areas of social politics, education, research, consumer protection, health and also environmental issues. Now one could argue how many of these goals need to be realized in order for the EU to be successful, from the British point of view for example the cooperation in economic issues and the creation of the single market have already been enough, considering their opinion towards the Maastricht treaty.

If one would see it from the British point of view the EU could be successful without absorbing the new members, but since most other countries would like to see the above mentioned goals implied and would like to realize the dream of de Gaulle, Adenauer and others of "the United States of Europe", the new members would surrender a huge part of their sovereignty and consequently would be absorbed by the EU, especially considering that they will join in a couple of years at the earliest when European integration will hopefully have advanced beyond the point it is today.
Another point one could consider is what would happen if the European integration would further advance up to the point of the United States of Europe without any new countries joining. This would create another superpower alongside the USA and the then non-members would live in the shadow of the EU or whatever its name would be by that time and also be absorbed by the enormous power, in any terms, of their big neighbour just like the Caribbean, Canada and Mexico, even the entire Americas are by the USA. So the conclusion drawn by this could be that the central and eastern European countries would be better off in any case if they joined the EU even if they had to surrender much of their sovereignty.
Sources:

(1) http://www.europa.eu.int/ (March 17th, 2001)
(2) http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/public/zeige_pm.html?pmid=26445 (April 5th, 2001)
(3) Informationen zur politischen Bildung: Europäische Union (BpB, 1995)
(4) Microsoft Encarta 98
(5) Mittel- und Osteuropa auf dem Weg in die Europäische Union (Werner Weidenfeld, Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 1996)
(6) http://www.e-politik.de/beitrag.cfm?Beitrag_ID=559 (April 1st, 2001)